Shaping policy changes for a sustainable cropping system in Uttar Pradesh, India

by Dr. Proloy Deb and Dr. Swatantra Dubey

​​​The Central Plain region of Uttar Pradesh is widely known for its fertile soil and is now at the forefront of a pressing environmental concern: rapid groundwater depletion. Approximately 46 billion cubic meters (BCM) of groundwater resources were withdrawn alone in 2023, attributed to agricultural practices (Singh, 2025). This volume is sufficient to submerge the entire area of Agra under water equivalent to the height of a three-story building.

Summer rice (or Satha Dhan) is generally water-intensive, requiring excessive irrigation due to existing higher temperatures and raising the overall crop water requirement. Overreliance on groundwater for irrigation during this period exacerbates strain on the state’s water resources, leading to concerns about long-term sustainability. The ill effects of groundwater overexploitation can already be seen, as reports suggest groundwater table depletion of up to 10 cm per year (Singh et al. 2019). If this trend persists, the state could face severe water shortages soon, impacting not only agriculture but also drinking water supplies and industrial needs.

The Uttar Pradesh (UP) State Water Policy 2020 emphasizes the need for integrated water resources management (IWRM) and recognizes the importance of scientific and technological advancements in water governance. The policy advocates for a river basin-focused approach, participatory water management, and the promotion of water-use efficiency across various sectors, including agriculture. By integrating IRRI’s expertise in rice cultivation with CGIAR’s policy innovation program Water Nexus, these collaborative efforts plan to transform agricultural practices in Uttar Pradesh. The focus is on achieving sustainable water management, enhancing food security, and improving the livelihoods of farming communities in the region.